Deficits in language and communication are hallmark features of many neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and cerebral palsy. Our goal is to identify the nature of linguistic and communicative impairments across these conditions. To this end, we examine patterns of behavioral and neural responses during language processing in adults with these disorders compared to neurotypical controls. This approach allows us to characterize the prevalence, magnitude, and qualitative nature (including potential subtypes) of linguistic and communicative difficulties. The ultimate objective of this research is to identify reliable biomarkers of impaired language and communication abilities.